Abstract:
Between late 1980s and 2014, the Greater Delhi region has witnessed an increase in vehicular fleet, four sets of emission standards, and changes in engine technology and fuel usage. This paper presents and evaluate these measures on on-road vehicle exhaust emissions under four counterfactual scenarios - (a) no penetration of 4-stroke (45) 2-wheelers (2Ws) (b) no introduction of compressed natural gas (CNG) (c) no implementation of emission standards post 2000 and (d) no dual emission standards (supply of better fuel in the metropolitan areas and a grade lower for the rest). Introduction of 45 engines reduced VOC emissions by 90%, thus being the most effective compared to the three emission standards (BS-II, Ill, and IV) combined. Introducing CNG reduced 50% of PIV12.5 and increased 20% of NO emissions in 2014, mostly from buses and light duty vehicles. Implementation of emission standards affected all pollutants, with 60% reduction in VOCs and 20-30% reduction for the rest. Dual emission standards increased the PIV12.5, emissions from heavy duty vehicles, as much as the reductions from passenger vehicles, thus negating the benefits of the latter. Under the proposed road map of emission standards and vehicular technology by the Auto Fuel Policy 2025 committee, PM2.5 emissions in 2030 will be halved, CO emissions will reach three times, and VOC and NO emissions will at least stabilize compared to 2014 estimates. If leapfrogged to BS-VI in 2017, there will be additional reduction in NO, and VOC emissions. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.